Weight Loss Induces Changes in Adaptive Thermogenesis in Female and Male Physique Athletes

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aut.relation.endpage320
aut.relation.issue4
aut.relation.journalApplied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism
aut.relation.startpage307
aut.relation.volume48
dc.contributor.authorIsola, Ville
dc.contributor.authorHulmi, Juha J
dc.contributor.authorPetäjä, Pirita
dc.contributor.authorHelms, Eric R
dc.contributor.authorKarppinen, Jari E
dc.contributor.authorAhtiainen, Juha P
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-19T03:00:33Z
dc.date.available2023-06-19T03:00:33Z
dc.date.issued2023-01-16
dc.description.abstractPhysique athletes lose substantial weight preparing for competitions, potentially altering systemic metabolism. We investigated sex differences in body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite-regulating and thyroid hormone changes during a competition preparation among drug-free physique athletes. The participants were female (10 competing (COMP) and 10 non-dieting controls (CTRL)) and male (13 COMP) and 10 CTRL)) physique athletes. COMP were tested before they started their diet 23 weeks before competing (PRE), during their diet one week before competing (MID), and 23 weeks after competing (POST) whereas CTRL were tested at similar intervals but did not diet. Measurements included body composition by DXA, muscle size, and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFA) by ultrasound, REE by indirect calorimetry, circulating ghrelin, leptin T3, and T4 hormone analysis. Fat mass (FM) and SFA decreased in both sexes (p<0.001), while males (p<0.001) lost more lean mass (LM) than females (p<0.05). Weight loss, decreased energy intake, and increased aerobic exercise (p<0.05) led to decreased LM and FM-adjusted REE (p<0.05), reflecting metabolic adaptation. Absolute leptin levels decreased in both sexes (p<0.001) but more among females (p<0.001) due to higher baseline leptin levels. These changes occurred with similar decreases in T3 (p<0.001) and resting heart rate (p<0.01) in both sexes. CTRL, who were former or upcoming physique athletes, showed no systematic changes in any measured variables. In conclusion, while dieting, female and male physique athletes experience REE and hormonal changes leading to adaptive thermogenesis. However, responses seemed temporary as they returned toward baseline after the recovery phase. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04392752).
dc.identifier.citationApplied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, ISSN: 1066-7814 (Print); 1715-5320 (Online), Canadian Science Publishing, 48(4), 307-320. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0372
dc.identifier.doi10.1139/apnm-2022-0372
dc.identifier.issn1066-7814
dc.identifier.issn1715-5320
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10292/16294
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherCanadian Science Publishing
dc.relation.urihttps://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2022-0372
dc.rights© 2023 The Author(s). Permission for reuse (free in most cases) can be obtained from copyright.com.
dc.rights.accessrightsOpenAccess
dc.subjectbodybuilding
dc.subjectcompetition preparation
dc.subjectenergy restriction
dc.subjectfitness
dc.subjectmetabolic rate
dc.subjectsex differences
dc.subject32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences
dc.subject3202 Clinical Sciences
dc.subjectPrevention
dc.subjectClinical Research
dc.subjectObesity
dc.subjectNutrition
dc.subjectMetabolic and endocrine
dc.subject06 Biological Sciences
dc.subject11 Medical and Health Sciences
dc.subjectSport Sciences
dc.subject3210 Nutrition and dietetics
dc.subject4207 Sports science and exercise
dc.subject.meshHumans
dc.subject.meshFemale
dc.subject.meshMale
dc.subject.meshLeptin
dc.subject.meshBasal Metabolism
dc.subject.meshWeight Loss
dc.subject.meshEnergy Metabolism
dc.subject.meshBody Composition
dc.subject.meshAthletes
dc.subject.meshThermogenesis
dc.subject.meshHumans
dc.subject.meshWeight Loss
dc.subject.meshLeptin
dc.subject.meshBasal Metabolism
dc.subject.meshBody Composition
dc.subject.meshEnergy Metabolism
dc.subject.meshThermogenesis
dc.subject.meshFemale
dc.subject.meshMale
dc.subject.meshAthletes
dc.subject.meshHumans
dc.subject.meshFemale
dc.subject.meshMale
dc.subject.meshLeptin
dc.subject.meshBasal Metabolism
dc.subject.meshWeight Loss
dc.subject.meshEnergy Metabolism
dc.subject.meshBody Composition
dc.subject.meshAthletes
dc.subject.meshThermogenesis
dc.titleWeight Loss Induces Changes in Adaptive Thermogenesis in Female and Male Physique Athletes
dc.typeJournal Article
pubs.elements-id491719
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